Gravidade dos sintomas da covid-19 e qualidade de vida na covid longa: qual a relação em adultos e idosos? / Severity of covid-19 symptoms and quality of life in long covid: what is the relationship between adults and the elderly? / Gravedad de los síntomas de covid-19 y calidad de vida en long covid: ¿cuál es la relación entre adultos y ancianos?

Avaliar a relação entre gravidade dos sintomas da Covid-19 e qualidade de vida na Covid Longa em adultos e idosos. Trata-se de estudo transversal, prospectivo e multicêntrico, realizado com indivíduos com idade superior á 18 anos com Covid Longa, de ambos os sexos, acompanhados nas Clínicas Escolas da Universidade Paulista ­ UNIP. Foi aplicado uma ficha de avaliação, no qual foram coletadas informações como, dados pessoais, história clínica da Covid-19, e manejos da doença em relação a necessidade de oxigenoterapia, ventilação mecânica não invasiva (VNI) e invasiva (VM) e traqueostomia (TQT), bem como o questionário SF36 versão Brasileira. A pesquisa foi submetida e aprovada pelo CEP da Universidade Paulista ­ UNIP, parecer 4.894.652. Os adultos e idosos que foram internados tiveram pior qualidade de vida nos domínios capacidade funcional, vitalidade e saúde mental. Aqueles que utilizaram oxigenoterapia, VM e TQT, tiveram maior acometimento no domínio saúde mental e os indivíduos que utilizaram a VNI, tiveram pior pontuação no domínio capacidade funcional. Conclui-se que adultos e idosos com Covid Longa apresentaram pior qualidade de vida à longo prazo, sobretudo naqueles com maior gravidade dos sintomas da Covid-19, ou seja, que necessitaram de internação, oxigenoterapia, VNI, VM e traqueostomia.

To evaluate the relationship between the severity of Covid-19 symptoms and quality of life adults and elderly with Long Covid in. This is a cross-sectional, prospective and multicenter study, carried out with individuals aged over 18 years with Long Covid, of both gender, followed at the Clinic School of Universidade Paulista - UNIP. Infor-mations such as personal data, clinical history of Covid-19, and disease management in relation to used of oxygen therapy, non-invasive (NIV) and invasive mechanical ventila-tion and tracheostomy was collected. SF36 questionnaire version Brazilian was aplied to assess quality of life . Adults and elderly people who were hospitalized had a worse quality of life in functional capacity, vitality and mental health domains. Furthermore, those who used oxygen therapy, intubation and tracheostomy, had worse mental health. The individuals who used NIV had worse scores in domain capacity works. It is con-cluded that adults and elderly people with Long Covid had a worse quality of life in the long term, especially in those with more severe symptoms of Covid-19, that is, those who required hospitalization, oxygen therapy, invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy.

Relacionar la gravedad de los síntomas de Covid-19 y la calidad de vida en adultos y ancianos con Largo Covid. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio transversal, prospectivo y multicéntrico, realizado con individuos mayores de 18 años con Largo Covid, de ambos sexos, seguidos en las Clínicas Escolas de la Universidade Paulista - UNIP. Se aplicó un formulario de evaluación, en el cual se recolectó información como datos personales, antecedentes clínicos de Covid-19 y manejo de la enfermedad en relación a la necesidad de oxigenoterapia, ventilación mecánica no invasiva e invasiva y traqueotomía, así como la Cuestionario SF36 versión brasileña. Resultados: Los adultos y ancianos hospitalizados tenían peor calidad de vida en los dominios capacidad funcional, vitalidad y salud mental. De los cuales usaban oxigenoterapia, intubación y traqueotomía, tenían peor salud mental. Los individuos que usaban ventilación mecánica no invasiva tenían peores puntuaciones en el domínio del la capacidad funcional. Conclusión: Se concluye que los adultos y ancianos con Covid Largo tuvieron una peor calidad de vida a largo plazo, especialmente en aquellos con síntomas más severos de Covid-19, es decir, aquellos que requirieron hospitalización, oxigenoterapia, invasiva y no invasiva. ventilación mecánica y traqueotomía.

Photobiomodulation effect in tumoral necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) on the viability of random skin flap in rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of red laser (660 nm) photobiomodulation (PBM) with different energies on tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) expression for random skin flap viability in rats. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sham group (SG), PBM laser group with an energy dose of 0.29 J (0.29G), and PBM laser group with an energy dose of 7.30 J (7.30G). A cranially based dorsal skin flap measuring 10 × 4 cm was raised and a plastic barrier was placed between the flap and its bed. PBM was applied in 3 timepoints: in the immediate postoperative period, in the 1st and in the 2nd postoperative days; the animals were euthanized on the 7th postoperative day. The assessments included: TNF-α expression of 3 different flap areas (proximal, medial and distal), by immunohistochemistry; percentage of skin flap necrosis area, by the paper template method. The statistical analysis was performed through the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, the level of significance adopted was 5% (p < 0.05). TNF-α expression was significantly lower for 7.30G in the proximal area, reduced for SG in the medial point, and larger for 7.30G in the distal area. The percentage of flap necrosis area was significantly reduced for 7.30G. Higher energy doses are more efficacious than lower energy doses for modulating TNF-α expression. PBM with an energy dose of 7.30 J was effective in reducing the expression of TNF-α and increase skin flap viability.

Correlation between chronic low back pain and female sexual function / Correlação entre a lombalgia crônica e a função sexual feminina / Correlación entre la lumbalgia crónica y la función sexual femenina

ABSTRACT Objective To correlate chronic low back pain with female sexual function. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Thirty-two women aged between 18 and 44 years old, with body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 kg/m2 and 29.9 kg/m2, with a medical diagnosis of chronic low back pain and sexually active in the last six months were selected. The patients underwent a physical therapy evaluation and responded to two questionnaires: the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Female Sexual Quotient (QS-F). Pearson's correlation test was used to assess the impact of chronic low back pain on sexual activity. Results The mean age was 30.31 years old (±.7.10) and the mean BMI was 24.54 Kg/m2 (±3.06). The mean Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire score was 5.2 ( ± 3.28), indicating that the patients did not have significant disability. The mean QS-F score was 60.37 (±14.48), classified as "unfavorable to normal". The correlation test showed a low correlation between chronic low back pain and female sexual function (r = 0.027). Conclusion There was a low correlation between chronic low back pain and female sexual function in the study population, but the moderate correlation between the "comfort" domain and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire score was significant. Level of evidence II ; Cross-sectional clinical study.

RESUMO Objetivo Correlacionar a lombalgia crônica com a função sexual feminina. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal. Foram selecionadas 32 mulheres com faixa etária entre 18 e 44 anos, com Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) entre 18,5 kg/m2 e 29,9 kg/m2, diagnóstico médico de lombalgia crônica e sexualmente ativas nos últimos seis meses. As pacientes foram submetidas a uma única avaliação fisioterapêutica e responderam a dois instrumentos: Questionário de Incapacidade Roland-Morris e Quociente Sexual - versão feminina (QS-F). Para a avaliação do impacto da lombalgia crônica na função sexual foi utilizada a correlação de Pearson. Resultados A média de idade foi de 30,31 anos (± 7,10) e a do IMC foi de 24,54 Kg/m2 (± 3,06). A média da pontuação do Questionário de Incapacidade Roland-Morris foi de 5,2 (± 3,28), representando que as pacientes não tinham incapacidade significante. A pontuação do QS-F foi de 60,37 (± 14,48), classificada como "desfavorável a regular" quanto à função sexual feminina. O teste de correlação demonstrou que houve baixa correlação entre a lombalgia crônica e a função sexual feminina (r = 0,027). Conclusões Houve baixa correlação entre a lombalgia crônica e a função sexual feminina na população estudada, porém a correlação moderada entre o domínio "conforto" e o escore do Questionário de Incapacidade Roland-Morris foi significativa. Nível de evidência II ; Estudo clínico descritivo transversal.

RESUMEN Objetivo Correlacionar la lumbalgia crónica con la función sexual femenina. Métodos Se trata de un estudio transversal. Se seleccionaron 32 mujeres con edades entre 18 y 44 años, con Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) entre 18,5 kg/m2 y 29,9 kg/m2, diagnóstico médico de lumbalgia crónica y sexualmente activas en los últimos seis meses. Las pacientes fueron sometidas a una única evaluación fisioterapéutica y respondieron a dos instrumentos: Cuestionario de Discapacidad Roland-Morris y por el Cociente Sexual - versión femenina (QS-F). Para la evaluación del impacto de la lumbalgia crónica en la función sexual se utilizó la correlación de Pearson. Resultados El promedio de edad fue de 30,31 años (± 7,10) y la del IMC fue de 24,54 kg/m2 (± 3,06). El promedio de la puntuación del Cuestionario de Discapacidad Roland-Morris fue de 5,2 (± 3,28), representando que las pacientes no tenían incapacidad significativa. La puntuación del QS-F fue de 60,37 (± 14,48), clasificada como "desfavorable a regular" en cuanto a la función sexual femenina. El test de correlación demostró que hubo baja correlación entre la lumbalgia crónica y la función sexual femenina (r = 0,027). Conclusiones Hubo baja correlación entre la lumbalgia crónica y la función sexual femenina en la población estudiada, sin embargo la correlación moderada entre el dominio "comodidad" y el score del Cuestionario de Discapacidad Roland-Morris fue significativa. Nivel de evidencia II ; Estudio clínico transversal.

Percepção das pacientes sobre a atuação profissional e os procedimentos realizados no pré, no intra e no pós-operatório de abdominoplastia / Perception of patients about professional performance and procedures performed in the pre, intra, and postoperative period of abdominoplasty

Introdução: A abdominoplastia é a terceira cirurgia estética mais realizada no Brasil, sendo que o planejamento cirúrgico envolve os momentos pré, intra e pós-operatórios com a atuação de diversos profissionais especializados. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a percepção das pacientes sobre a atuação profissional e os procedimentos realizados no pré, no intra e no pós-operatório de abdominoplastia. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal e observacional. A coleta de dados foi feita através de um questionário online, disponibilizado por meios digitais para mulheres com idade entre 18 e 60 anos, que realizaram a abdominoplastia nos últimos 12 meses. Resultados: Um total de 376 pacientes respondeu ao questionário; porém, 22 foram excluídos, totalizando 354 questionários respondidos. Observouse que 63.5% relataram que realizou a abdominoplastia por flacidez de pele, 53.3% realizaram a abdominoplastia associada à lipoaspiração, 61% relataram que não realizaram procedimentos pré-operatórios, 59.9% relataram não saber se havia fisioterapeuta no centro cirúrgico durante o intraoperatório, 70.6% das pacientes realizaram procedimentos pós-operatórios, sendo 37.4% com fisioterapeuta, a complicação mais comum foi edema representando 84.2%. Conclusão: A principal indicação para a abdominoplastia foi por flacidez de pele, sendo mais frequentemente associada à lipoaspiração. A maior parte das pacientes não realizou procedimentos pré-operatórios e realizou pós-operatório iniciado após 1 a 3 dias, com fisioterapeuta, por indicação de um conhecido, com frequência de três vezes na semana, pela queixa de edema, sendo que os procedimentos mais realizados foram a drenagem linfática manual e o ultrassom terapêutico.

Introduction: abdominoplasty is the third most performed cosmetic surgery in Brazil. Its surgical planning involves the pre, intra, and postoperative moments with the performance of several specialized professionals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the patients' perception of their professional performance and the procedures performed before, during, and after the abdominoplasty. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and observational study. Data collection was done through an online questionnaire made available digitally to women aged between 18 and 60 years, who underwent abdominoplasty in the last 12 months. Results: A total of 376 patients answered the questionnaire; however, 22 were excluded, totaling 354 questionnaires answered. It was observed that 63.5% reported having undergone abdominoplasty due to skin flaccidity, 53.3% had undergone abdominoplasty associated with liposuction, 61% reported that they had not undergone preoperative procedures, 59.9% reported not knowing whether there was a physiotherapist in the operating room during the intraoperative period. , 70.6% of the patients underwent postoperative procedures, 37.4% of whom were physiotherapists, the most common complication being edema representing 84.2%. Conclusion: The main indication for abdominoplasty was sagging skin, which is most often associated with liposuction. Most of the patients did not undergo preoperative procedures. They were performed after 1 to 3 days after the operation, with a physiotherapist, on the advice of an acquaintance, often three times a week, due to the complaint of edema. The most performed procedures were manual lymphatic drainage and therapeutic ultrasound.

Collagen Fibers in the Healing Process of Rat Achilles Tendon Rupture Using Different Times of Ultrasound Therapy.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the organization of collagen fibers in the healing process of rat Achilles tendon rupture using different times of ultrasound therapy (TUS). Approach: Forty Wistar rats were selected. Among these, 32 were submitted to total tenotomy of the calcaneous tendon and divided into 5 groups: control group (CG, n = 8), without tenotomy or any treatment; tenotomy group (n = 8), with tenotomy and without treatment; TUS groups-TUS3 (n = 8), TUS4 (n = 8), and TUS5 (n = 8)-submitted to tenotomy and treated with TUS for 3, 4, and 5 min per effective radiating area (ERA), respectively. The animals were sacrificed on the 12th postoperative day. The tendons were surgically removed for analysis of the collagen fiber organization using the birefringence technique (OR, optical retardation). Results: The collagen fibers exhibited better aggregation and organization in the UST3, TUS4, and TUS5 groups compared with CG (p < 0.05). The TUS5 group had better response rates in intergroup comparison. Innovation: The dose response of therapeutic TUS is influenced by many variables. The scientific evidence to support the dosimetry is insufficient. The application time is an important variable to be considered in TUS. In this study, the longer the application time, the better for organization and aggregation of collagen fibers in the rat tendon. Conclusion: TUS applied for 5 min per ERA presented higher dose response to the organization of collagen fibers in the healing process of rat Achilles tendon rupture.

Inhibitory effects of low-level laser therapy on skin-flap survival in a rat model.

BACKGROUND: Although several studies have demonstrated the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on skin flap viability, the role of higher doses has been poorly investigated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibitory effect of the LLLT (λ=670 nm) on the viability of random skin flaps in a rat model using an irradiation energy of 2.79 J at each point. METHODS: Sixteen Wistar rats were randomly assigned into two groups: sham laser irradiation (n=8); and active laser irradiation (n=8). Animals in the active laser irradiation group were irradiated with a 670 nm diode laser with an energy of 2.79 J/point, a power output 30 mW, a beam area of 0.028 cm(2), an energy density of 100 J/cm(2), an irradiance of 1.07 W/cm(2) for 93 s/point. Irradiation was performed in 12 points in the cranial skin flap portion. The total energy irradiated on the tissue was 33.48 J. The necrotic area was evaluated on postoperative day 7. RESULTS: The sham laser irradiation group presented a mean (± SD) necrotic area of 47.96±3.81%, whereas the active laser irradiation group presented 62.24±7.28%. There was a significant difference in skin-flap necrosis areas between groups (P=0.0002). CONCLUSION: LLLT (λ=670 nm) increased the necrotic area of random skin flaps in rats when irradiated with an energy of 2.79 J (100 J/cm(2)).

HISTORIQUE: Plusieurs études ont démontré les effets de la thérapie laser de faible intensité (TLFI) sur la viabilité des lambeaux cutanés, mais le rôle de plus fortes doses a été peu évalué. OBJECTIF: Examiner l'effet inhibiteur de la TLFI (λ=670 nm) sur la viabilité de lambeaux cutanés aléatoires d'un modèle murin au moyen d'une énergie d'irradiation de 2,79 J à chaque point. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Les chercheurs ont réparti 16 rats Wistar en deux groupes aléatoires : irradiation laser factice (n=8) et irradiation laser active (n=8). Les animaux du groupe d'irradiation laser active ont été irradiés à l'aide d'une diode laser de 670 nm à une énergie de 2,79 J/point, une puissance de 30 mW, un faisceau de 0,028 cm2, une densité énergétique de 100 J/cm2 et une radiation de 1,07 W/cm2 pendant 93 s/point. Douze points ont été irradiés sur la portion du lambeau cutané crânien. L'énergie totale irradiée sur les tissus s'élevait à 33,48 J. Les chercheurs ont évalué la zone nécrosée le septième jour après l'opération. RÉSULTATS: Le groupe d'irradiation laser factice présentait une zone nécrosée moyenne de (± ÉT) 47,96±3,81 %, tandis que le groupe d'irradiation laser active présentait une zone de 62,24±7,28 %. On constatait une différence importante entre les zones nécrosées des lambeaux cutanés des deux groupes (P=0,0002). CONCLUSION: La TLFI (λ=670 nm) accroissait la zone nécrosée des lambeaux cutanés murins aléatoires lorsqu'ils étaient irradiés par une énergie de 2,79 J (100 J/cm2).

Manual lymphatic drainage and therapeutic ultrasound in liposuction and lipoabdominoplasty post-operative period.

BACKGROUND: Physiotherapy in the plastic surgery post-operative (PO) is essential to provide means for an adequate and fast recovery as it restores function through the use of physiotherapeutic procedures. AIM: The aim of the following study is to verify the effects of the association between the manual lymphatic drainage and the therapeutic ultrasound on pain, oedema and the tissue fibrosis in liposuction and lipoabdominoplasty PO. DESIGN: This is a clinical trial prospective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen women aged between 18 and 60 years participated in this study, in the late PO period following lipoabdominoplasty or liposuction in the abdomen, flanks and lower trunk, which showed tissue fibrosis of the flanks and abdomen regions. They were divided into two groups: Liposuction group and lipoabdominoplasty group. A total of twelve sessions of therapeutic ultrasound followed by the manual lymphatic drainage were performed. The patients were assessed with regard to pain, oedema and tissue fibrosis in different moments: Initial assessment, during assessment and final assessment through the application of the protocol of evaluation of cysts fibrosis levels. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The test of equality for two proportions and the confidence interval test for mean to evaluate the distribution of variables. The significance level adopted for statistical tests was 5% (P < 0.05). RESULTS: There was a statistically significant reduction of pain, swelling and tissue fibrosis in both groups. CONCLUSION: the association between manual lymphatic drainage and the therapeutic ultrasound reduced the swelling and the tissue fibrosis and made pain disappear in liposuction and lipoabdominoplasty PO period.

Força de preensão manual em atletas de judô / Handgrip strength in judo athletes / Fuerza de agarre manual en atletas de judo

INTRODUÇÃO: A força de preensão manual é a capacidade da mão em realizar tarefas, imprimir forças e segurar objetos. Dentre os diversos esportes que utilizam a força de preensão manual com predominância em sua prática, um deles é o judô, aonde a força de preensão manual é imprescindível para que o judoca consiga se impor ao adversário, pois está ligada à capacidade de realização do golpe. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a força de preensão manual em atletas de judô. MÉTODOS: O estudo contou com a participação de 30 judocas, sendo formado por 15 faixas brancas e 15 faixas pretas, que foram submetidos a uma avaliação da força de preensão com um dinamômetro manual da marca Jamar(r). Foi utilizada a estatística descritiva (média e desvio-padrão) para análise dos dados antropométricos, o teste t de Student para verificação da homogeneidade entre os grupos e o Teste de Shapiro-Wilk para verificação da distribuição. Para análise de comparação intra e intergrupos foi utilizado o Teste de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes (p≤0,05). Os dados foram analisados através do software BioEstat 5.0. RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstraram que os judocas faixas pretas apresentam uma força de preensão palmar significativamente maior na mão dominante em relação à não dominante, e também significativamente maior em relação aos atletas de faixas brancas tanto na mão dominante quanto na mão não dominante. CONCLUSÃO: Atletas de judô faixas pretas têm preensão manual mais forte do que os atletas de faixas brancas, sugerindo que quanto maior o tempo de prática esportiva na modalidade, maior a força de preensão ...

INTRODUCTION: Grip strength is the ability of the hand to perform tasks, imprint forces, and hold objects. One of the many sports that make predominant use of handgrip strength is judo, in which the handgrip is essential for enabling the athlete to dominate the opponent, as it is linked to the ability to strike a blow. This study assesses handgrip strength in judo athletes. METHODS: The study involved the participation of 30 judo athletes: 15 white belts and 15 black belts, who were subjected to a handgrip strength evaluation with a Jamar(r) handgrip dynamometer. Descriptive statistics (average and standard deviation) were used for the analysis of anthropometric data, the Student t test was used to check homogeneity between the groups, and the Shapiro-Wilk test to check the distribution. For the analysis of intra- and intergroup comparison, the Mann-Whitney test was used for independent samples (p ≤ 0.05). The data were presented using the BioEstat 5.0 software. RESULTS: The results showed that the black belt judo athletes had a significantly greater handgrip strength in the dominant hand when compared to the non-dominant hand, and also significantly higher compared to the white belt athletes, in both the dominant and non-dominant hands. CONCLUSION: Black belt judo athletes have stronger handgrip strength than white belt athletes, suggesting that a longer time practicing the sport improves handgrip strength in both hands. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: La fuerza de agarre manual es la capacidad de la mano para llevar a cabo las tareas, transmitir fuerzas y sostener objetos. Entre los muchos deportes que utilizan predominantemente el agarre en su práctica, está el judo, en el que la fuerza de agarre de la mano es de extrema importancia para que el judoka yudoca pueda imponerse al adversario, porque está vinculada a la capacidad de realizar el golpe. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la fuerza de agarre manual en los atletas de judo. MÉTODOS: El estudio contó con la participación de 30 judokas, compuesto por 15 cinturones blancos y 15 cinturones negros que fueron objeto de una evaluación de la fuerza de agarre con un dinamómetro de mano de marca Jamar(r). Se utilizó estadística descriptiva (media y desviación estándar) para el análisis de los datos antropométricos, la prueba t de Student para comprobar la homogeneidad entre los grupos y la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk para verificar la distribución. Para el análisis de la comparación intra e intergrupal se utilizó la prueba de Mann-Whitney para muestras independientes (p ≤ 0.05). Los datos se analizaron usando el software BioEstat 5.0. RESULTADOS: Los resultados mostraron que los atletas cinturones negros de judo tienen fuerza de agarre prensión manual significativamente mayor en la mano dominante con respecto a la no dominante, y también significativamente mayor en comparación con los atletas de cinturones blancos en la mano dominante y en la mano no dominante. CONCLUSIÓN: Los atletas de judo cinturones negros tienen agarre más fuerte que los atletas cinturones blancos, lo que sugiere que a mayor tiempo de práctica en el deporte corresponde mayor fuerza de agarre manual. .

Treatment time of ultrasound therapy interferes with the organization of collagen fibers in rat tendons.

BACKGROUND: The application time of therapeutic ultrasound is an infrequently studied dosimetric variable that affects tissue repair. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different treatment times of therapeutic ultrasound (US) on the organization of collagen fibers in the tendons of rats. METHOD: Forty Wistar rats were selected (300±45 g), and the rats were divided into five groups (n=8 for each group): Control, without tenotomy or any treatment; tenotomy group, with tenotomy and without treatment; US groups (US1, US2, and US3), subjected to tenotomy and treated with US for one, two, or three minutes per area of the transducer, respectively. The animals were sacrificed on the 12th post-operative day, and the tendons were surgically removed for analyses of the collagen fiber organization by means of birefringence analysis. RESULTS: The collagen fibers exhibited better aggregation and organization in the US3 group compared with the tenotomy group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that US applied for three minutes per treated area improves the organization of collagen fibers during rat tendon repair.

Treatment time of ultrasound therapy interferes with the organization of collagen fibers in rat tendons

BACKGROUND: The application time of therapeutic ultrasound is an infrequently studied dosimetric variable that affects tissue repair. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different treatment times of therapeutic ultrasound (US) on the organization of collagen fibers in the tendons of rats. METHOD: Forty Wistar rats were selected (300±45 g), and the rats were divided into five groups (n=8 for each group): Control, without tenotomy or any treatment; tenotomy group, with tenotomy and without treatment; US groups (US1, US2, and US3), subjected to tenotomy and treated with US for one, two, or three minutes per area of the transducer, respectively. The animals were sacrificed on the 12th post-operative day, and the tendons were surgically removed for analyses of the collagen fiber organization by means of birefringence analysis. RESULTS: The collagen fibers exhibited better aggregation and organization in the US3 group compared with the tenotomy group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that US applied for three minutes per treated area improves the organization of collagen fibers during rat tendon repair. .

Conhecimento e envolvimento de graduandos em fisioterapia acerca dos preceitos éticos da experimentação animal / Knowledge and involvement on ethical principles of animal experimentation in undergraduate physiotherapy

O artigo analisa em amostra de universitários do curso de fisioterapia indicadores éticos ao uso de animais na pesquisa e no ensino e o nível de conhecimento e interesse dos alunos sobre o tema ética animal. Foi distribuído um questionário aos alunos do primeiro e segundo semestres do curso de fisioterapia, cujo preenchimento ocorreu em sala de aula, de forma voluntária. Os dados obtidos foram analisados e posteriormente colocados à discussão de forma descritiva. O questionário foi preenchido por 193 universitários; a maioria dos alunos pesquisados tinha conhecimento prévio sobre o tema ética animal, porém nunca participaram de aulas práticas com uso de animais e afirmam nunca ter pensado sobre a substituição dos animais por métodos alternativos. Os alunos se sensibilizaram quanto ao número de animais utilizados no ensino e nas pesquisas e demonstraram conhecimento a respeito do tema.

This article analyzes a sample of university students from the Physiotherapy Course, the indicators of ethical use of animals in research and teaching to the level of knowledge and interest of the students on the topic ofanimal ethics. A questionnaire was distributed to the students of the first and second semesters of Physiotherapy, which was filled out in the classroom voluntarily. Data was analyzed and a descriptive discussion took placesubsequently. The questionnaire was completed by 193 students. Among the surveyed students, the majorityhad prior knowledge on the topic of animal ethics, but never attended classes with practical use of animals andclaimed they have never thought about replacing animals by alternative methods. Students were sensitized onthe number of animals used in teaching and research and demonstrated knowledge of the subject.

Aplicação do ultrassom terapêutico no reparo tecidual do sistema musculoesquelético / Application of therapeutic ultrasound on tissue repair of the musculoskeletal system

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre os parâmetros de aplicação do ultrassom terapêutico no reparo tecidual do sistema musculoesquelético. Foi realizado um levantamento de dados sobre essa temática nas seguintes bases de dados: MEDLINE, LILACS e SciELO, em línguas portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola, sendo considerados apenas ensaios experimentais realizados em animais, publicados a partir de 2.000 e pesquisados até janeiro de 2.012. Foram encontrados 16 artigos sobre a utilização do ultrassom terapêutico no reparo tecidual, dos quais nove abordaram a lesão tendínea, quatro sobre reparo ósseo, dois verificaram o efeito na lesão muscular e um na lesão nervosa. Os achados desta revisão de literatura sobre as evidências científicas dos efeitos do ultrassom terapêutico no sistema musculoesquelético sugerem que não há padronização quanto à dosimetria adequada para o reparo tecidual deste, pois os artigos disponíveis são insuficientes para comprovar os seus reais efeitos e determinar os parâmetros indicados para este tipo de tratamento.

This study aimed to conduct a literature review on the parameters of therapeutic ultrasound application in tissue repair of the musculoskeletal system. It was carried out a survey of data on this subject in the following databases: MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO, in Portuguese, Spanish and English, considering only experimental studies done with animals, published since 2000, surveyed by January 2012. It was found a total of 16 articles on the use of therapeutic ultrasound in tissue repair, nine of which addressed the tendinous lesion, four about bone repair, two verified the effect on muscle damage and in a nerve injury. The findings of this review about the scientific evidence on the effects oftherapeutic ultrasound in the musculoskeletal system suggest that there is no standardization regarding the most appropriate dosimetry for tissue repair of the musculoskeletal system, because the articles are insufficient to prove their real effects and determine the appropriate parameters in this type of treatment.

The effects of different doses of 670 nm diode laser on skin flap survival in rats.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of different low-level laser therapy (LLLT) doses on random skin flap rats. METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided in four groups. The control group (CG) was not irradiated. The experimental groups were irradiated with a diode laser 670 nm with different energies per point: group 2 (G2) with 0.06 J; group 3 (G3) 0.15 J and group 4 (G4) 0.57 J. The three groups were irradiated in 12 equally distributed points in the cranial skin flap portion. They were submitted to the irradiation during the immediate, first and second postoperative days. The necrosis area was evaluated in the seventh postoperative day. RESULTS: The CG shows 49.35% of necrosis area in the skin flap; G2, 39.14%; G3, 47.01% and G4, 29.17% respectively. There was a significantly difference when G4 was compared with CG`s skin flap necrosis area. CONCLUSION: The low-level laser therapy diode 670 nm with 0.57 J energy per point increases the survival in randomic skin flap rats.

The effects of different doses of 670 nm diode laser on skin flap survival in rats / O efeito de diferentes doses de laser de diodo 670 nm na viabilidade de retalho cutâneo randômico em ratos

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of different low-level laser therapy (LLLT) doses on random skin flap rats. METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided in four groups. The control group (CG) was not irradiated. The experimental groups were irradiated with a diode laser 670 nm with different energies per point: group 2 (G2) with 0.06 J; group 3 (G3) 0.15 J and group 4 (G4) 0.57 J. The three groups were irradiated in 12 equally distributed points in the cranial skin flap portion. They were submitted to the irradiation during the immediate, first and second postoperative days. The necrosis area was evaluated in the seventh postoperative day. RESULTS: The CG shows 49.35 percent of necrosis area in the skin flap; G2, 39.14 percent; G3, 47.01 percent and G4, 29.17 percent respectively. There was a significantly difference when G4 was compared with CG`s skin flap necrosis area. CONCLUSION: The low-level laser therapy diode 670 nm with 0.57 J energy per point increases the survival in randomic skin flap rats.

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos de diferentes doses de laserterapia de baixa intensidade na viabilidade de retalhos cutâneos randômicos em ratos. MÉTODOS: Quarenta ratos Wistar foram randomizadamente distribuídos em quatro grupos. O grupo controle (GC) não foi irradiado. Os animais dos grupos experimentais foram irradiados por laser de diodo (670 nm) com as seguintes energias ofertadas por ponto: grupo 2 (G2) 0,06J; grupo 3 (G3) 0,15 J e grupo 4 (G4) 0,57 J. Os três grupos foram irradiados em 12 pontos igualmente distribuídos na porção cranial do retalho cutâneo. Todos os animais dos grupos 2, 3 e 4 foram submetidos ao protocolo de irradiação por três dias consecutivos, iniciando no pós-operatório imediato. A área necrótica foi avaliada no sétimo dia pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: A porcentagem de área necrótica apresentou-se da seguinte forma, nos diferentes grupos: GC= 49,35 por cento, G2= 39,14 por cento, G3= 47,01 e G4= 29,17 por cento. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante quando se compararam os dados entre GC e G4. CONCLUSÃO: A irradiação com laser de diodo (670 nm) de baixa intensidade, com oferta de 0,57 J de energia por ponto influenciou positivamente a viabilidade de retalhos cutâneos randômicos em ratos.

Classificação e relação anatômica dos tipos de incisura da escápula e sua importância clínica / Classification and anatomical relationship of types of suprascapular notch and its clinical importance

Objetivo - Este estudo anatômico classificou os diferentes tipos de incisura da escápula e estabeleceu a relação entre a incisura e a área total da escápula, evidenciando a clínica apresentada na compressão do nervo supraescapular, o qual tem sua passagem dentro do forame limitado pela incisura e o ligamento transverso superior da escápula. Este é um nervo misto, originário de C5-C6 e frequentemente de C4, seu componente motor supre os músculos supra e infraespinais e seu componente sensitivo as articulações acromioclavicular e glemoumeral. Em atletas de voleibol e basebol há hipertrofia do músculo subescapular e compressão desse nervo. Métodos - Foram analisadas 93 escápulas maceradas e classificadas de acordo com Rengachary et al.4 (1979), onde foi estabelecida a relação entre a área da incisura e a área total da escápula por meio do método de gabarito de papel. Resultados - A incisura da escápula do tipo III foi prevalente (34%), tendo uma pequena área comparando com os outros tipos; a seguida pelo tipo IV (20%); e tipo VI ausente. O valor médio da relação entre a área da incisura da escápula e a área total da escápula foi de 0,3%. Conclusão - As escápulas que possuem incisuras do tipo III foram prevalentes seguidas pelo tipo IV e as do tipo VI ausentes, apresentando, segundo a literatura, maior propensão à gerar uma compressão.

Objective - This anatomical study classify the different types of suprascapular notch and establish the relation between the notch area and the total area of the scapula, showing the clinical presentation in compression of the suprascapular nerve, which has this passage into the foramen bounded by the notch and the superior transverse scapular ligament. This is a mixed nerve, wich originates from C5-C6 and often C4, its motor component supplies the supra and infra espinal muscles and your sensory component the glenoumeral and acromioclavicular joints. In volleyball and baseiball athletes there subscapularis muscle hypertrophy and compression of this nerve. Methods - Ninety three macerated scapula were analyzed and classified according Rengachary et al.4 (1979), where was established the relationship between the notch area and the total area of the scapula through the template paper method. Results - The suprascapular notch of type III was prevalent (34%), with a small area compared to other types; followed by the type IV (20%); and type VI absent. The medium score between the area of the scapular notch and the total area of the scapula was 0,3%. Conclusion - The scapula that have suprascapular notch type III have been prevalent, followed by type IV and type VI was absent, showing, according to literature, a greater propensity to generate a compression.

Cetoprofeno por iontoforese em indivíduos com osteoartrose de joelho / Ketoprofen iontophoresis in individuals with knee osteoarthritis

Objetivo - Investigar o efeito da administração tópica de cetoprofeno por iontoforese em indivíduos com osteoartrose de joelho, tendo como critérios de avaliação a dor e a funcionalidade da articulação tratada. Métodos - Participaram do estudo 26 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idade superior a 50 anos. O tratamento consistiu na aplicação tópica de cetoprofeno por iontoforese na região ântero-lateral do joelho, totalizando 10 sessões. O quadro doloroso foi avaliado por meio da Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) e a funcionalidade por meio da Escala de Lysholm antes e após o período de tratamento. Resultados - Todos os sujeitos relataram redução no quadro álgico e, a funcionalidade de joelho obteve inicialmente escore médio de 37 e após o período de tratamento este evoluiu para 73,2 pontos. Conclusão - A aplicação tópica de cetoprofeno por iontoforese diminuiu a dor e aumentou a funcionalidade de indivíduos com osteoartrose de joelho.

Objective - To investigate the effect of topical administration of ketoprofen by iontophoresis in subjects with osteoarthritis of the knee, having as assessment methods the pain and functionality of the treated joint. Methods - The study included 26 subjects of both sexes, aged over 50 years. The treatment consisted of topical application of ketoprofen by iontophoresis on the anterolateral knee area, totaling 10 sessions. The painful area was analyzed with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and functionality through the Lysholm scale before and after the treatment period. Results - All subjects reported a reduction in painful episodes, and the functionality of the knee initially obtained a mean score of 37 and after the treatment period this progressed to 73.2 points. Conclusion - The topical ketoprofen iontophoresis was effective in reducing pain and increasing function in subjects with knee osteoarthritis.

Dose-dependência do laser de baixa intensidade (670 nm) na viabilidade de retalhos cutâneos randômicos em ratos / Dose-dependency of LLLT on the viability of random skin flaps in rats

Objetivo - Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da terapia a laser de baixa intensidade sobre os retalhos cutâneos randômicos em ratos. Métodos - Vinte ratos Wistar foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos. O grupo controle (G1) não foi irradiado. O grupo experimental (G2) foi irradiado com laser de diodo (670 nm), 0,06 J/ponto, potência média de 30 mW, feixe circular com área de 0,028 cm², fluência de 2,14 J/cm², irradiância de 1,07 W/cm², durante 2 s/ponto. Os animais do G2 foram irradiados em 12 pontos equidistantes a 1 cm. Todos os pontos localizaram-se na região proximal do retalho. A energia total depositada sobre o retalho foi de 0,72 J. Os animais foram irradiados no pós-operatório imediato, primeiro e segundo dias pós-operatórios. A área de necrose foi avaliada no 7º dia pós-operatório. Resultados - Os animais do G1 apresentaram 49,35% de área necrótica, enquanto os animais do G2 apresentaram 39,14%. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as áreas necróticas dos grupos (p = 0,0558). Conclusão - Terapia a laser de baixa intensidade (670 nm), na dose de 0,06 J/ponto não influencioua viabilidade de retalhos cutâneos randômicos em ratos.

Objective - This study assessed the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on random skin flap rats. Methods - Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided in two groups. The control group (G1) was not irradiated. The experimental group was irradiated with a diode laser 670 nmwith 0.06 J/point, power output 30 mW, inner beam area 0.028 cm², fluency 2,14 J/cm², irradiance 1.07 W/cm², 2 sec/point. The group was irradiated in 12 equally distributed points in the cranial skin flap portion. The total energy irradiated on tissue was 0.72 J. They were submitted to the irradiation during the immediate, first and second postoperative days. The necrosis area was evaluated in the seventh postoperative day. Results - The G1 shows 49,35% of necrosis area in the skin flap; G2 shows 39,14% of necrosis area in the skin flap. There was a significantly difference when G1 was compared with G1's skin flap necrosis area (p = 0.0002). Conclusion - LLLT diode 670 nm with 0.06 J energy per point didn't promote change on survival in random skin flap rats.

The low-level laser therapy on muscle injury recovery: literature review / A terapia laser de baixa intensidade na recuperação da lesão muscular: revisão da literatura

The muscle injury recovery process is slow and often changes the original mechanical properties of the damaged muscle. The goal of rehabilitation is to recover the muscle as fast as possible offering the lowest risk of injury recurrence. Among the available therapeutic resources, the low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has proven to be effective both in reducing the deleterious effects of the acute inflammatory response, as in the stimulation of the events involved in the repair phase of the muscle recovery process.

O processo de recuperação de uma lesão muscular é lento e muitas vezes alteram as propriedades mecânicas originais do músculo. O objetivo da reabilitação é recuperar o músculo o quanto antes oferecendo o menor risco possível de recorrência da lesão. Dentre os recursos terapêuticos disponíveis, a terapia laser de baixa intensidade (TLBI) tem se mostrado extremamente benéfica, tanto na redução dos efeitos deletérios da resposta inflamatória aguda, quanto na potencialização dos eventos envolvidos na fase de reparação do processo de recuperação da lesão muscular.

Influência do Wii Fit no equilíbrio de paciente com disfunção cerebelar: estudo de caso / Influence of the Wii Fit on the balance of cerebellar dysfunction patient: case study

Objetivo - O cerebelo possui inúmeras funções, tendo como principal a avaliação e correção dos movimentos iniciados pelas áreas motoras. Este processo é fundamental para a manutenção do equilíbrio. Fugindo da tradicionalidade, a realidade virtual é um recurso que vem se destacando em reabilitações neurológicas, pois com sua interação gráfica pode trazer inúmeros benefícios. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência da realidade virtual no equilíbrio de paciente com disfunção cerebelar. Métodos - Foi utilizado o vídeo game da marca Nintendo®, denominado Wii, utilizando o jogo Wii Fit, onde os jogos escolhidos estimularam o equilíbrio látero-lateral e ântero-posterior, aplicado em uma paciente com diagnóstico médico de Ataxia Cerebelar Precoce. Para a mensuração foram utilizadas a escala de equilíbrio de Berg, o Índice de Barthel, o qual avalia as atividades da vida diária e a escala de Lawton, a qual avalia as atividades da vida prática, com duração de 9 terapias, 30 minutos cada, realizadas duas vezes por semana. Resultados - Com uma análise comparativa da avaliação pré-protocolo e da avaliação pós-protocolo, foi sugerido que a paciente teve um aumento de 23,21% na escala de equilíbrio de Berg. Em relação ao Índice de Barthel e a escala de Lawton, houve uma melhora na pontuação de 10% e de 25% respectivamente, sugerindo então uma melhora na funcionalidade nas tarefas diárias. Conclusão - Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que a realidade virtual oferece melhora do equilíbrio de pacientes com disfunções cerebelares, assim como maior independência para realização das tarefas diárias.

Objective - The cerebellum own many functions, having as principal the evaluate of movements initiated by the motor areas. This process is fundamental for the balance maintenance. The virtual reality is a recourse that is standing out in neurological rehabilitation, because with the graphic interaction could bring many improvements. The objective of this study was to verify the influence of virtual reality in the balance of patient with cerebellar disfunction. Methods - It was used a Nintendo's® video game, named Wii, using the game Wii Fit, which the choosen game stimulate the latero-lateral and anterior-posterior balance, applied in a patient with the medical diagnosis of Cerebellar Ataxia Precocious. To measure, it was used the Berg balance scale, the Barthel Index, that evaluates the activies of the daily life and the Lawton scale, that evaluates the activities of practical life, with a duration of 9 treatments, lasting 30 minutes each, 2 times per week. Results - In a comparable analysis of the pre protocol estimate and post protocol estimate, it was suggested that the patient had a increased of 23,21% in the Berg balance scale. In relation of Barthel Index and Lawton scale, there was an improvement of 10% and 25% on the punctuation, respectively, suggering a gain in the daily tasks functionality. Conclusion - The results obtained in this study suggest that the virtual reality offers improvement in the balance of patient with cerebellar disfunction and also more independency to do daily tasks.